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Articles
by Chris A. Paschke, CPF GCF CMG
"The Essence of
Design: Balance"
August 2001
In the last article of this series "Proportion" June 2001, I
discussed mat widths and visual relationships of the art to the mat, and the
mat to the frame. It has been written by Greg Perkins of Larson-Juhl that there are three basic reasons to increase mat
border widths on the bottom, or below the art: to bring a look of authenticity
to the framing of traditional and classical images; to better suit the space
where the art is to be displayed; and to create the sense of perceived balance.
Balance is the subject of this months
column, and is probably the strongest unifying
principle of all. There is a close relationship between balance and emphasis.
Balance is the equality in weight, attention, or attraction to other various
visual elements within a pictorial field or frame. Emphasis is the
concentration point or main feature that controls eye movement and flow between
those visual elements. See "Emphasis", October 2001. Both involve
control of the visual flow when viewing art or a framed piece of art, and often
they are described simultaneously.
BALANCE AS EQUILIBRIUM
Like rhythm, balance is necessary for survival, in fact it is balance
that creates much of the rhythm experienced in human life. Inhaling is balanced by exhaling, and activity
is balanced by sleep. Balance is sometimes defined as the mathematical
relationship of parts to one another within the whole. It becomes a means of accomplishing an
organic unity and may be categorized as either structural or visual balance. Structural balance is identified by
the actual equilibrium of an object. Equilibrium
establishes a coherence, a comfortable feeling. A building without structural
equilibrium or balance would be unable to support it own weight.
Visual balance is the perception of or psychological reaction to the illusion of equilibrium. If visual
balance is missing, the viewer will feel uneasy. Any composition where all
prominent shapes and masses are on one side would appear lopsided unless the
opposing side had adequate visual interest to compensate, an imaginary
counterweight.
Like the above mentioned building, a framing job lacking in visual
balance would also fall apart. Other elements such as space, line or color can
be used to counterbalance and tie together a frame design. The proportion of
fillet to mat to moulding; the colors and proportions of top, middle and bottom
liner mats; or the placement and focal point emphasis may all make, or break,
balance within a frame.
STRUCTURAL BALANCE
At a basic level, structural balance is based upon the physical nature of
items in space arranged with respect to a central point or axis. Structural
balance may be either horizontal or
vertical. Horizontal structural
balance is simple to understand as a central pivot point and cross beam. We've been familiar with horizontal balance
as the seesaw since childhood (diagram 1). Balance is from side to side with
the pivot or dividing line at vertical center. The classical example of this is
also the scale seen in diagram 1.
Vertical structural balance is also based upon the physical stability of
an object or building. Its determining factor hinges upon the relationship of
the height of an object to its weight at the bottom (diagram 2). A tall ship
mast is balanced by the boat width at the bottom, while a flagpole is set into
concrete for adding weight stability. Television antennae are attached to
houses and trees are rooted into the ground.
VISUAL BALANCE
Visual balance is concerned with the aesthetic quality of balance. It is
not a matter of whether it will fall over or not as much as whether it gives
the impression of being well proportioned, aesthetically pleasing and able to
stand alone. Horizontal and vertical
relationships are based on our general understanding of the laws of physics as
seen in our day to day lives.
Visual balance is achieved through visual judgments on the part of the
artist, frame designer and viewer. The question is not so much whether an
object, shadowbox, or framed art will fall over as whether it gives the
impression of being well proportioned and aesthetically pleasing. There are
three basic types of visual balance: symmetrical,
asymmetrical and radial.
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Symmetrical balance is strictly defined as bilateral symmetry in which
identical forms equidistant from the center equalize each other. However, you
can have visual asymmetry that is in perfect symmetrical balance also. This
occurs when forms that appear dissimilar except by visual weight remain the
same distance from the center axis (diagram 3). Symmetry is the most basic, and
easiest, form of visual balance to understand. There is an imaginary axis or
line through the center of an image which divides it either horizontally or
vertically into two identical halves. It is for all intents and purposes a
mirror image. Identical repetition of this type is also known as pure, formal, passive, or bilateral symmetry.
In art it may appear static, lifeless and too monotonous for prolonged audience
attention.
A perfect example of this in life is the human body, which hopefully does
not appear static, lifeless and too monotonous for prolonged audience
attention. We have all seen the divided photos or mirror reflections of a
person where the two halves when identical produce a whole new person. We look to be symmetrical, identical
on both halves, but truly are not. Since
art is rarely a mirror image either, most art falls under the cloak of approximate symmetry. It relieves the
monotony of pure symmetry by slightly varying the two sides of the axis to hold
viewer attention. The sides are similar enough to stimulate the feeling of
exactness, but remain sufficiently varied to prevent visual monotony (photo 1).
Because of its technical predictability, symmetrical balance symbolizes
stability and security. Symmetrical designs in framing would best be chosen
when wishing to produce the feeling of repose, formality, or to stabilize a
shadowbox that might otherwise be hyperactive. Then again it is often chosen as
a design because it is familiar and easy.
ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Asymmetrical balance is also known as informal,
active, or occult balance. It is attained when visual units on either side
of a vertical or horizontal axis are not identical, but are placed in positions
within the frame so as to create a felt equilibrium. Any time a weight is changed on one side, an
adjustment must be made to compensate on the other. A heavier child must sit
closer to the pivot of a seesaw to compensate for a lighter child on the
opposite end. Forms of the same visual weight are counterbalanced by being
placed at unequal distances from the center (bottom, diagram 1).
Though generally more interesting, asymmetrical balance is more difficult
to achieve than simple symmetry. Two halves of a design may have equal visual
weight but the addition of shapes, colors and textures must be considered. Visual
weight is not always seen as mass, for it may appear as a balance of
contradictory forces. Small strong colors may be easily countered by a large
empty or negative space.
All of the elements may be used to achieve asymmetrical balance in a
framing design. Texture may balance shape, color may balance size, and proportion
may balance color and line. Understanding the elements or building blocks of
design definitely helps construct a balanced wall or frame design.
The psychological impact of asymmetrical balance is far different than that
of symmetrical stability. It stimulates, activates, and arouses us more
vigorously, often creating a curiosity that holds the viewer's attention. It
suggests movement, spontaneity, and dynamics of design.
When applying asymmetry to a framing design, position is critical in
successful use of balance. Two shapes of equal stature placed too near an outer
border may create too much tension and the overall design may appear heavy or
out of balance (photo 2). Elements used for focal point must be placed to
contribute to the total balance of all involved picture parts. Too much stress
sets everything out of balance.
RADIAL BALANCE
Radial balance, also known as radial
symmetry, occurs when the weight is distributed around a central point, as
two or more forces identical in strength and character circulate around it
(diagram 4). Simple everyday examples would be the spokes of a wheel, a
dandelion, or daisy. Thus the center becomes the focal point or emphasis and
often there is a feel of circular movement.
Formal symmetrical radial balance might be found in round Gothic stained
glass windows, a cathedral dome, or the design of a dinner plate. An asymmetrical example would be expanding
spirals and off-center mobiles. Radial balance can add another dimension to an
otherwise somewhat static symmetrical design. Photo 3 illustrates somewhat of a
radial design in framing. Though the invitation may be visually symmetrical,
the framing has created more of a radial movement emanating from the center of
the invitation toward the outer points.
SYMMETRY IN OPPOSITION
Balance depends upon a central axis or focal point, horizontal or
vertical, around which weight or tension must be equally distributed. In
framing and picture making, balance refers to the felt or implied equilibrium
between all parts. Artists and frame designers are forced to balance their
designs horizontally, vertically, radially, diagonally...in all directions and
positions simultaneously in order to achieve harmony or unity (diagram 5).
Its rare an artist or framer consciously applies design principles as
he/she works. Rather they emerge as the design work progresses. During stages
four and five of the design process (production and clarification) we should be
evaluating both consciously and subconsciously our use of the design
principles. Very often we instinctively use the elements correctly with our own
interpretive flare.
APPLYING BALANCE IN DESIGN
Since balance is a factor of the design principles it is like the mortar
that holds the rest of the design together. Balance is closely aligned to
emphasis, a perfect segway into the upcoming October article. Emphasis is
control of what the viewer looks at, when, and for how long. As with balance
there is a fine line of mixing the mortar too thin so that it doesn't hold
together well, or so thick that it cracks and falls apart. The idea is to
balance the images and objects within the frame so that by their balanced
placement they assist in the creation of a viewing pattern that is fluid and
comfortable.
RECAPPING BALANCE
There are two kinds of balance: structural
and visual. Structural balance is
concerned with physical equilibrium of three dimensional projects, while visual
balance is concerned with the perception of balance within a design. Balance
occurs upon a central axis in which all weight and tension must be equally
distributed, and therefore may be either horizontal
or vertical. Visual balance includes symmetrical balance where there are two identical halves; asymmetrical balance where visual
elements may counter each other creating interest and variety; and radial
balance in which a design is circular and appears to emanate from, or revolve
around, a central point.
Understanding the types of balance, their applications, and impact on the
viewer will help you become a better frame designer. The best matched color
mats in the world with the perfect textures, accent object, and surface mat
design will never hold together if the proportions are placed out of balance by
placing an accent too close to the frame edge and the emphasis throws the
viewer out of the frame. Balance is every bit as vital a part of good design as
a well cut window mat or perfectly mitered frame corners.
END
Photos from this article may not still be
available.
PHOTO
1
If an imaginary line were to divide this
project, the framing is symmetrical on both the right and left sides of the
central vertical axis, it is really an example of approximate symmetry because
the two halves of the art itself are not literally mirror images. Framing
courtesy of Ray Dwyer, CPF, West Wind Studio, Washington Depot, CT.
PHOTO
2
The placement of the duck stamps so closely
to the left frame border creates a visual stress and extreme visual focus. This throws the asymmetrical design somewhat
out of balance. Perhaps by adding another 1/4" to 1/2" to the outer
mat border that stress would have been relieved, proportions improved, emphasis
placed back toward the center, and the overall design would be brought back
into balance. Courtesy of Ray Dwyer, CPF.
PHOTO
3
This example of radial balance (radial
symmetry) uses the framing to provide the stabilizing factor emanating from the
imaginary central point within the approximately symmetrical invitation. Placing
it on the diagonal increases the radial balance stimulating eye movement in all
directions and making it more interesting. Framing courtesy of Ray Dwyer, CPF.
For more articles
on design see the Design Series under Articles by Subject.
Additional
information on mounting basics is found in The Mounting and Laminating
Handbook, Second Edition, 2002, and The Mounting And
Laminating Handbook, Third Edition, 2008. Creative Mounting,
Wrapping, And Laminating, 2000 will teach you everything you need
to know about getting the most from your dry mount equipment and materials as
an innovative frame designer. All books are available from Designs Ink
Publishing through this website.
For live consultations
with Chris Paschke, CPF GCF call Designs Ink, 661.821.2188. A flat fee of $25
will be charged for each new technical problem. Unlimited calls or emails are
allowed for each established mounting problem.
Chris A Paschke,
CPF GCF
Designs Ink
Designs Ink
Publishing
785 Tucker Road,
Suite G-183
Tehachapi,
CA 93561
661.821.2188
info@designsinkart.com